L-ascorbic Acid

the most potent and directly utilized form of vitamin C in skincare products, yet most susceptible to degradation by water and oxidation, making it the least stable vitamin C ingredient form

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L-ascorbyl Palmitate

L-ascorbic Acid that is rendered oil-soluble, more stable, yet less potent; functions as a co-lightener in skincare formulations

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Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate

with higher stability than L-ascorbic Acid and functions as a co-lightener in skincare formulations, with the added benefit of cell protection against UVB

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Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate

a stable form of L-ascorbic Acid resistant to degradation by water and oxidation; co-formulated with L-ascorbic Acid in water-based or O/W formulations as co-lighteners for increased product stability, with the added benefits of improving fragile skin

Vitamin E

Another potent anti-oxidant in which studies have shown to have synergistic effect on combating free radicals when formulated with vitamin C; result is optimized when formulated together versus used alone

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Ferulic Acid

Stabilizes vitamin C while increasing its potency in preventing photodamage to the skin, protecting the skin from the number extrinsic aging factor – oxidative UV damage

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Vitamin A

Although when formulated together the potency of L-ascorbic acid and retinol may trigger sensitive-prone skin, when used in moderation and separately in skincare routine, the combination of vitamins can promote brighter and more youthful looking skin, while defending it against pre-mature aging