AHA

most commonly Glycolic Acid, Lactic Acid, and Mandelic Acid. Glycolic Acid has the smallest molecular size and most penetrable into skin, speeding up cellular turnover for fast and potent skin renewal. Lactic Acid is also an effective exfoliating agent, promoting skin lightening effects while also increasing skin moisturization, although it has a bigger molecular size than Glycolic Acid and does not penetrative as effectively. Mandelic Acid also has a higher molecular size than Glycolic Acid, but with its antimicrobial properties, it lends more benefit to acne prone skin, and studies have shown to work in great synergy with Salicylic Acid - a BHA - for anti-acne treatments.

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BHA

also known as Salicylic Acid, and in contrast to the water-soluble AHA, this acid is oil-soluble and therefore can dissolve sebum in pores to treat congestion, comedones, and acne - an action that AHAs are not able to perform. When combined with Mandelic Acid, Benzoyl Peroxide, Sulphur and other anti-acne ingredients, it enhances their effectiveness to reduce acne inflammation. Since this ingredient can lead to drying of skin, adequate moisturization is essential when using this ingredient especially in higher concentrations (above 1%).

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PHA

is the most gentle form of Hydroxy Acid suitable for irritation, dry, and sensitive skin types, with ingredients commonly known as lactobionic, galactose, gluconolactone. They have a higher molecular weight than AHAs and therefore does not penetrate as effectively into skin, which contributed to their more gentle nature. When formulated with other potent anti-ageing, whitening, acne treatment products, it can function as a booster to optimize their effects.

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Other exfoliating ingredients: Glucosamine

with gentleness comparable to PHA and clinically shown to exfoliate skin while offering anti-ageing effects

Hyaluronic Acid

A skin soothing and hydrating ingredient suitable for all skin types and especially beneficial to calm sensitive and irritated skin. Works in synergy with exfoliating acids to minimize irritation symptoms, as well as delivering instant suppleness.

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Ceramides

As acids exfoliate and slough off dead skin cells clinging onto skin surface, the use of ceramides in next products in line can rebuild a strong first line of defense on skin surface to reduce transepidermal water loss as well as increase skin resiliency against external sensitizing agents.